Can the Gulf Menhaden Fishery Reduce Redfish Bycatch?

October 1, 2025

TRCP breaks down the final results of a 2024 Gulf menhaden bycatch study, which reveals multiple ways to protect redfish and other sportfish

Louisiana’s Gulf menhaden fishery is the second largest fishery in the country, with harvests of nearly 1 billion pounds of these critical forage fish annually. And this comes at a cost. As TRCP recently reported, state-funded research shows that the two companies that harvest Gulf menhaden, also known as “pogies,” are catching and killing nearly 150 million non-target fish each year as bycatch, including 30,000 redfish and hundreds of thousands of other pogy predators like spotted seatrout (speckled trout), black drum, and jack crevalle, as well as 25-million-plus sand seatrout, commonly called white trout.

For Louisiana, this matters because redfish (Louisiana’s only saltwater gamefish, also known as red drum) and other sportfish aren’t just any fish — they’re a cornerstone of the state’s $3.7 billion recreational fishing economy. They bring in anglers, fuel guide services, and support local businesses. When redfish are lost as bycatch – especially breeding-size fish – Louisiana loses twice: in terms of the fish themselves and again in terms of lost economic opportunity.

Environmental research company LGL Ecological Research Associates conducted a two-part study during the 2024 pogy fishing season to examine: 1) What species (including red drum) are caught as bycatch in Louisiana’s menhaden reduction fishery, and 2) What happens to released bycatch—i.e. how many fish survive after being caught and released.

TRCP reported on the preliminary results of this work back in July, but now that we have the final results, the public and Louisiana decisionmakers have the data they’ve needed for years to determine how this industrial fishery truly impacts redfish populations in Sportsman’s Paradise, and which bycatch mitigation measures could be effective moving forward to help sustain healthy sportfish populations.

Key Study Findings

Here are some key takeaways of the full report:

Total bycatch (i.e. non‐target species) for the fishery was estimated at 3.59 percent by weight – that’s within state limits but represents about 146 million fish unintentionally caught by the menhaden fishery in a single fishing season. This includes 86 total non-target species.
- “Retained bycatch,” which enters a vessel’s hold to be processed with the pogies, made up approximately 82 percent of the bycatch by weight. Top species in retained bycatch were Atlantic croaker, sand seatrout, spot, white shrimp, hardhead catfish, and gafftopsail catfish.
- For released bycatch, there were two main components: “rollover bycatch” (fish too large to enter a suction hose inside the purse net, which were then rolled out into the water at the end of the set) and “chute bycatch” (fish that passed into the hose but were then blocked by an excluder device and diverted into the water via a chute).
Half of all sets made in 2024 were in less than 15 feet of water.
- Redfish bycatch was more likely to occur in sets made in 0-22 feet of water depth (76 percent of all sets made); deeper than that and redfish bycatch was reduced.
Croaker, sand seatrout, spot, and white shrimp made up 84 percent of all retained bycatch. An estimated 240,000 speckled trout also were caught as retained bycatch, with an average size of 10 inches.
- Recreational speckled trout regulations prohibit harvesting any fish under 13 inches in Louisiana.
Many different types of bycatch excluder devices were used between the 32 vessels operating in the fishery, with some much more effective than others at reducing the number of non-target fish sucked into the hose and destined for the chute or the hold.

Redfish bycatch was more likely to occur in net sets made in less than 22 feet of water depth.

Regarding redfish specifically:

Nearly 45,000 redfish were caught as rollover and chute bycatch, and after survival experiments, nearly 22,000 breeding-size redfish were estimated to die during the season as a result of being caught.
- While 84 percent of redfish remaining in the net as rollover bycatch were estimated to survive, only 2 percent of redfish sucked into the hose and diverted to the chute survived.
- Another approximately 8,300 smaller redfish were caught as retained bycatch, likely all juveniles, all of which died as they ended up in the hold.
- Total redfish mortality (released + retained) was estimated at over 30,000 individuals for the season.
The average redfish size in rollover bycatch was 37 inches, in chute bycatch 35 inches.
- That means these were nearly all fully mature fish. Recreational redfish regulations prohibit harvesting any fish over 27 inches to protect as many spawning-size redfish as possible.
In the late summer through fall months, the likelihood of redfish bycatch increased noticeably, with consistently higher bycatch observed along central and eastern Louisiana, with redfish bycatch peaking from August through October.
- A full 45 to 50 percent of female redfish caught as bycatch in September and October were spawning (i.e., egg-laden and ready to reproduce).

In the late summer and fall, the likelihood of redfish bycatch increased noticeably.

Implications for Decisionmakers – And Louisiana’s Redfish Population

Here’s why Louisiana decisionmakers and anglers should care, and what could be done to reduce the menhaden fishery’s impacts on redfish populations:

Bycatch excluder device design is important. This study underscores that the design of bycatch excluder devices—most importantly, hose cages that prevent larger, non-target fish in the net from experiencing trauma due to entering the suction hose—strongly influences how many mature redfish end up in the more dangerous chute component versus being excluded/rolled over the net while never leaving the water. Of course, handling after capture and before release also affects survival.
- Potential mitigation measure: Require standardized bycatch excluder devices that maximize rollover release and minimize chute mortality.
Released bycatch mortality is non‐trivial. Even though many redfish caught as bycatch are released, for chute‐released individuals survival is extremely low (about 2 percent). For rollover, survival is far better. But because both methods are used, total mortality from released plus retained bycatch is sizable (approximately 30,000 redfish in 2024 alone). That’s a meaningful number, especially considering this happens each year.
- Potential mitigation measure: Address redfish retention and harvest by the menhaden fishery via current commercial regulations (redfish commercial harvest has technically been prohibited in the state for nearly 40 years).
Where and when the fishery operates matters. The study showed that bycatch levels aren’t uniform: amounts vary greatly by time of year, by location, by vessel/plant, etc. for different species. This suggests there is potential to reduce harm to species like redfish by reducing pogy boat efforts in certain areas and at specific times.
- Potential mitigation measure: Explore locational/seasonal restrictions in hotspots where redfish bycatch has been shown to be highest, such as during the August to October redfish spawning season in central and eastern Louisiana, particularly in shallower, near-shore waters.
Additional oversight can help. Louisiana already has some pogy regulations to address bycatch—no more than 5 percent of catch by weight for species other than menhaden and herring-like species, and buffer zones to reduce bycatch in shallow water—but clearly more could be done to evaluate ecosystem impacts moving forward.
- Potential mitigation measure: Continue monitoring bycatch in future fishing seasons (observer coverage and/or electronic monitoring) and update enforcement quality.

Bottom Line

This study shows that bycatch (both retained and released) in Louisiana’s pogy fishery is a significant fraction of total catch, at more than 146 million fish annually.
Redfish are one of the primary species caught as bycatch, and while many are released, survival depends heavily on how they are released (rollover vs. chute).
- Of those fish, many that are retained with menhaden in the hold haven’t ever spawned and never will, and many that are caught in the chute and eventually die are mature, and possibly actively spawning.
Speckled trout caught by the fishery mainly end up in the hold, with over 240,000 mostly juvenile individuals retained annually by the fishery.

While recreational fishing accounts for most of the redfish harvest in Louisiana, bycatch from the industrial menhaden fishery still kills tens of thousands of redfish each year, along with millions of other fish including speckled trout, white trout, Atlantic croaker, and cownose rays. Unlike recreational harvest, these deaths produce no economic return for Louisiana – they’re simply waste. In addition, the industry is clearly commercially harvesting species that are either illegal to harvest commercially or are under regulations that don’t seem to apply to the menhaden fishery’s activities.

The science is clear: with better bycatch reduction gear and data-based locational/seasonal catch considerations, much of this loss could be avoided. By addressing menhaden bycatch from multiple possible angles, Louisiana can protect the sportfish central to its culture and economy, reduce unnecessary waste, and ensure our coastal ecosystems provide abundance for future generations of anglers.

More information about the ecological and recreational importance of Gulf menhaden is available on TRCP’s Forage Fish Recovery Page.

Banner image courtesy Pat Ford Photography

One Response to “Can the Gulf Menhaden Fishery Reduce Redfish Bycatch?”

Bob Hannigan October 3, 2025

Excellent report. Please do everything possible to reduce the bi-catch for all the species not intended for harvest.

October 3, 2025 at 1:15 pm

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by: Ryan Lockwood

posted in: Menhaden

September 17, 2025

In the Arena: David Mangum

TRCP’s “In the Arena” series highlights the individual voices of hunters and anglers who, as Theodore Roosevelt so famously said, strive valiantly in the worthy cause of conservation.

Capt. David Mangum

Hometown: Santa Rosa Beach, Florida
Occupation: Saltwater fly-fishing guide for Shallow Water Expeditions
Conservation credentials: Mangum is a YETI ambassador and outdoor photographer who utilizes his talents to produce media that inspire a spirit of conservation and educate saltwater anglers. He’s also been involved with the fish-tagging efforts of the Bonefish & Tarpon Trust and the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science.

Born and raised in the Florida panhandle, Mangum has developed his expertise for finding and catching fish from decades on his home waters. He is widely known as a tarpon specialist (some might say addict) who lands a list of top clients the chance to battle the silver king as well as redfish and other quarry in shallow-water flats and coastal marshes. A passionate fly fisherman with an adventurous soul, he’s guided around North America, from Alaska to Colorado to the Bahamas, and has been featured in an episode of the Millhouse Podcast. Mangum also is an avid hunter, who’s relished many annual winter quail hunts in Arizona. Despite all this, his pursuits aren’t just limited to professional fishing, hobby hunting, and world-class photography. This renaissance (outdoors)man is also an accomplished oil painter whose works center on his saltwater lifestyle and other nature-focused subject matter. Mangum even boasts co-director credits for “Huff – The Film,” a short documentary about another legendary Florida guide and close friend.

Here is his story.

Like many others, I was introduced to the outdoors at a young age by my father, Col. Denny Mangum, United States Air Force. He taught me both upland bird hunting and fishing.

I remember the first time I saw tarpon was with him. I was young and we were fishing in Destin. He didn’t see the tarpon in the water, but several of them “rolled” at the same time and I swore to him I had seen some kind of sea serpent. That memory stuck with me for years until I was older and realized what I had seen. I have often wondered if that was the formative moment that would lead me down the path to becoming a guide, and more specifically, a guide who is known for tarpon.

If I could hunt or fish anywhere, I would return to southern Arizona to chase Mearns quail. I spent many a January with my first bird dog, Bella, in the high desert canyons of the Coronado National Forest.

Conservation is necessary for the places like this, where we hunt and fish. Without the conservation efforts of those before me, I believe our outdoor world would be in desperate shape. Anywhere you look (with a few exceptions), our natural world has taken a toll. Less fish, less animals, fewer places untouched by our human hand. It’s only because of the efforts of those without blinders on that we still have the remaining flora and fauna which we share the world with.

“Freshwater is the lifeblood of everything that lives in the salt. It all starts there.”

I believe the biggest conservation challenge along north Florida’s Gulf Coast is water. The diminished flows and instability of freshwater rivers, with either too much or not enough fresh water, is one of the most influential factors on coastal systems today. The balance has been thrown off. Freshwater is the lifeblood of everything that lives in the salt. It all starts there. Where salt and fresh meet, plankton and zooplankton thrive and start the food web. At the top of that web is one of the most important fish in the sea, the menhaden.

Gamefish, birds, and marine mammals depend on the menhaden as their primary food source. These small filter feeders are essential to ALL creatures in the sea. Without the menhaden everything we see in our coastal ecosystems falls apart.

The simple reason it’s important for me personally to be involved in conservation is that I feel morally obligated to take action when I see problem. We all should! Especially those of us who make a living using the outdoor resources.

“Without the menhaden everything we see in our coastal ecosystems falls apart.“

It’s obvious why conservation should matter to the next generation of hunters and anglers. We just need to ask future outdoorsmen and women this question: What will the world look like if conservation isn’t important to you? Just imagine the current place you live, but without the sounds of birds, of insects and frogs at night. Imagine no fish in the water and no deer in the woods. That’s a world none of us wants, and that’s why we should all be adamantly involved in conservation.

Banner image credit: Jay Riley

by: Ryan Lockwood

posted in: Menhaden

August 21, 2025

The Merits of Fly Fishing: A Conversation with Peter Kaminsky

The author, angler, and conservation advocate shares why fly fishing continues to inspire him—and why anglers must have a voice in conservation.

Few people can capture the magic of fly fishing like Peter Kaminsky. The celebrated author, journalist, and lifelong angler has spent decades chasing fish across the globe—and championing the waters and habitats they call home. In this exclusive TRCP conversation, Kaminsky shares the captivating story of how he fell in love with fly fishing, the ways it has shaped his life, and why anglers have a critical role to play in conservation. Whether you’re a seasoned fly fisher or just wondering if the sport might be for you, his reflections are as inspiring as they are insightful.

For more than three decades, Kaminsky contributed to the New York Times Outdoors column and has served as a contributing editor to Field & Stream, Sports Afield, and Outdoor Life. His books—including The Moon Pulled Up an Acre of Bass and The Catch of a Lifetime—blend storytelling, personal reflections, and a deep respect for the natural world. His newest release, The Zen of Flyfishing (2025), captures the joy and meaning he’s found in the sport through essays, quotes, and stunning imagery.

In our latest conversation, Kaminsky reflected on his journey into fly fishing, the restorative qualities of time on the water, and the role anglers play in sustaining healthy fisheries. He also shared some interesting history about Theodore Roosevelt’s uncle, another outdoorsman who inspired the future president’s conservation ethos.

Finding a Calling on the Water

Peter Kaminsky’s first encounter with fly fishing was clearly transformative. On a trip to Mexico in the 1970s, he watched veteran anglers casting in the surf and felt an instant connection—what he calls “the hour I first believed.” Back in New York, he sought instruction from legendary fly fisherman Doug Swisher and never looked back.

Since then, fly fishing has been a grounding force in both good times and bad. “It’s the thing I return to in the rough times,” he says, describing how the sport can suspend time and bring peace. Hear his account of how during a period of personal hardship, while fishing Idaho’s Silver Creek, he found both solace and perspective: “It showed me you don’t have to feel miserable all the time – there’s a sunny side.”

Conservation, Connection, and Responsibility

Kaminsky has fished around the world, from trout streams in the Rockies to bonefish flats in the Yucatán, but remains deeply connected to the waters near home—especially the striped bass fishery along the Atlantic Coast. He’s witnessed the boom-and-bust cycles of striper populations and warns that current challenges, from depleted menhaden stocks to degraded spawning habitat in the Chesapeake Bay, demand action.

For him, conservation isn’t about moral superiority; it’s about ensuring the future of the resource. And wherever you stand on the practice of catch and release fishing, you’ll want to hear his wisdom on the matter.

“Everything gets eaten in this world,” he says. “It’s just a question of who’s eating it and when.”

Passing It On

Kaminsky also takes inspiration from conservation history, noting the influence of Theodore Roosevelt’s uncle, Robert Barnhill Roosevelt, in shaping America’s fish and game management. He sees that legacy as a call to keep our lands and waters “green and bountiful” for the next generation.

For those curious about fly fishing for the first time, his advice is simple: get casting lessons. “Seek out someone with the patience to teach you,” he says. “The investment will pay off.”

Watch the full interview here.

All photos are from The Zen of Flyfishing by Peter Kaminsky (2025), published by Workman Publishing, a division of Hachette Book Group.

by: Guest Author Austin Evans

posted in: Menhaden

August 5, 2025

Hooked Early, Hooked for Life: Why Kids Hold the Future of Our Fisheries

TRCP’s marine fisheries intern reflects on how personal experience shaped his interest in the outdoors, the need for youth angling participation, and the importance of forage fish conservation for the next generation

Memory is a weird thing. It helps us to not repeat mistakes from the past and enables us to recall some of our favorite times. You might remember your first-grade class pet’s name but forget your Netflix password four times in a month. There’s not much rhyme or reason to it.

Some people talk about how they can remember the first fish they ever caught. I’m not one of those people — I couldn’t tell you what species it was or where I was when I caught it. However, I can tell you the first time I remember being jealous of a fish someone else caught. One of my friends, Winslow, hooked a bonnethead shark in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina (pictured below), and while I did catch some seatrout that day, it was the allure of Winslow’s shark that brought me back to fishing over and over again. So one thing I do know about memory is that when we learn to fish at a young age, we’ll never forget some of those early experiences – and they will help shape our values and interests.

Me photobombing Winslow and my godfather, Dave D., holding the bonnethead years ago. Credit: Sid Evans

The Importance of Starting Young

Last summer, I was lucky enough to work as a fishing and kayaking camp counselor in Charleston and experience the joy of catching a fish for the first time again — this time from a new perspective. My main job was watching kids catch shrimps, minnows, and other small fish with nets and rods off the dock and taking them around in kayaks. What many of these kids learned was that all of these species play a key role in coastal habitats by serving as “forage” (a food source) for larger fish and wildlife.

“More than 90 percent of adult participation in hunting and fishing is directly related to active participation as a youth.“

What amazed me was that kids would come back each day with more excitement and knowledge about fishing and the ecosystem than the day before, and all with their own reasons. A full net of baby shrimps one day turned overnight into questions about osprey and the local food chain. One kid caught a stingray and had a ridiculous grin on his face for the rest of the camp week. Others who weren’t into catching fish were amazed by the dolphins that swam right up to our kayaks in Shem Creek.

According to data from the US Fish and Wildlife Service, more than 90 percent of adult participation in hunting and fishing is directly related to active participation as a youth. Kids that grow up with great outdoor memories tend to pursue those hobbies for the rest of their life, and taking care of our public lands, restoring our wetlands and fisheries, and ensuring access for hunting and angling will be of the types of issues that will be a priority for them.

A kayaking field trip I co-led on Shem Creek off Charleston Harbor, 2024. Credit: Coastal Expeditions

Fisheries Challenges Facing the Next Generation

Many of the marine waters that Southern and Eastern anglers grew up on are now struggling. The management of forage fish like menhaden has been hamstrung over the years due to the influence of industrial-scale reduction fisheries in the Gulf and on the Eastern Seaboard. Menhaden are a vital food source for numerous predators, including larger fish, marine mammals, and birds, and lower localized population numbers have led to ecological backsliding in areas like the Chesapeake Bay, which can impact fisheries in other Atlantic states, including South Carolina.

Industrial-scale removals of menhaden also have other negative impacts. A 2024 study on bycatch in the industrial Gulf menhaden fishery indicates that approximately 22,000 breeding-size redfish, tens of millions of non-target forage fish, and numerous other marine species were killed by the menhaden industry off Louisiana’s coast last year alone.

To effectively manage our coastal ecosystems, we need to have a two-pronged approach: ensuring that forage fish populations continue to improve through federal and state regulations and marine fisheries policies, and getting more young people outside with a rod in their hands to create future champions for our favorite waters.

A younger me with my father holding a small seatrout. Credit: Dave DiBenedetto

Ensuring Our Angling Legacy

Kids really don’t need much to have fun. They just need to get outside to experience fishing and hunting opportunities firsthand, and it’s our responsibility to give them that chance as often as we can. The simple memories that kids make from their outdoor experiences will ensure that as long as the next generation loves fishing, like we do, our waters will be left in much better hands.

It’s also our responsibility to guarantee healthy fish populations for that next generation of anglers. And one of the best ways to achieve that in Atlantic and Gulf waters is through protecting forage fish like menhaden.

Find more information about the ecological and recreational importance of menhaden, herring, and other forage fish and what we can do to support them on TRCP’s Forage Fish Recovery Page.

Austin Evans is TRCP’s 2025 marine fisheries intern.

by: Ryan Lockwood

posted in: Menhaden

July 23, 2025

In the Arena: Sergio Diaz

TRCP’s “In the Arena” series highlights the individual voices of hunters and anglers who, as Theodore Roosevelt so famously said, strive valiantly in the worthy cause of conservation.

Sergio Diaz

Hometown: Sayville, New York
Occupation: IT professional by trade, and part-time professional photographer and filmmaker focused on storytelling tied to nature, conservation, and outdoors subject matter
Conservation credentials: Diaz harnesses his adventurous fishing spirit, a gift for outdoor photography, and a prominent platform on social media to advocate for marine conservation, inspiring and helping educate saltwater anglers.

Besides sharing his captivating shots of recreational fishing feats with conservation groups like TRCP and Safeguard the Seas, Diaz has donated his breathtaking underwater shots of striped bass to the Bayshore Saltwater Flyrodders of New Jersey and has been invited to speak at several fly fishing clubs in New York and New Jersey, where he focuses on the importance of safer catch and release practices. Diaz volunteers for the Manhattan Cup, a fishing tournament in New York City that benefits veterans, to shoot photos and video. Currently, he’s working with TRCP partner Bonefish & Tarpon Trust to plan a trip to document the planting of mangroves and habitat restoration in the Bahamas or Caribbean.

Here is his story.

Some of my earliest memories are from when I lived in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. My father was a military officer in the army, and during those years, the local fisheries were incredibly abundant. We had easy access to rivers and a coastline full of tarpon, snook, tropical gar, and jacks. It wasn’t unusual to see all of those species in a single morning.

Those early experiences with my father, learning how to cast and being immersed in such a diverse ecosystem (so yes, full of biting insects), left a lasting impression on me. They taught me to value wild places and understand the importance of protecting them, especially because, back then, conservation wasn’t practiced the way we know it today.

Over the years, I’ve had the opportunity to experience incredible moments on the water. Recently, while wading the flats of Inagua, Bahamas, looking for bonefish, I spotted something large floating almost motionless along a channel. As I got closer, I realized it was a big barracuda, perfectly still and clearly waiting to ambush prey.

Hoping for a shot at this trophy fish, I quickly clipped my leader, tied on wire, and rigged a large white deceiver fly to try and trigger a strike. Luckily, the barracuda was still holding in place by the time I was ready. On my second cast, she hit so fast I barely saw it happen.

I fought her in the shallow flat, where I could truly appreciate her size and watch her leap into the air several times. An amazing fish—and a moment I won’t forget.

There are so many remote angling destinations still on my list. But if I could fish anywhere, I’d have to say I’d go back to Hawaii to wade for big bonefish. The first time I visited was on my honeymoon, and while fishing wasn’t exactly on the itinerary, I couldn’t help but notice bonefish cruising the flats and hear talk of people targeting them. At the time, I had to let it go, but ever since, the idea of returning has stuck with me, especially after seeing videos of those massive fish. Hawaii is home to some of the biggest bonefish in the world, and the thought of sight fishing for them in such a stunning, remote setting is just too good to resist.

“Being involved in conservation means protecting the waters, habitats, and species we rely on, so the fish are still there tomorrow.“

Conservation is at the heart of my fishing life because the health of the resource is everything. I love everything about fishing – not just catching fish, but the whole experience of being involved in nature, reading the water, and connecting with wild places. Without healthy ecosystems and abundant fish populations, that experience simply wouldn’t exist.

Overfishing and water quality are the biggest conservation challenges where I live in coastal New York. Pressure from recreational and commercial fishing has led to reduced populations of key species like striped bass. A critical part of addressing this is the need to conserve menhaden, commonly known where I live as “bunker,” as an essential forage fish that striped bass and other gamefish species depend on for food. At the same time, water quality degradation from nitrogen pollution, mainly due to septic systems and runoff, continues to destroy habitats and create aquatic dead zones.

Conservation ensures that the waters I fish today will still be there tomorrow, full of life and possibility. It’s about respecting the resource, practicing catch and release when appropriate, and supporting efforts that protect habitats and biodiversity. For me, being a responsible angler goes hand in hand with being a good steward of the places I love.

I feel compelled to do my part in conservation because I want the next generation to experience the same connection to fishing that I’ve been lucky to have. Fishing isn’t just a pastime. It teaches respect for the environment and shows the value of healthy ecosystems. Being involved in conservation means protecting the waters, habitats, and species we rely on, so the fish are still there tomorrow, not just today. It’s about giving back to a resource that’s given me so much.

If we don’t take care of the land and water now, there won’t be anything left to hunt or fish later. Conservation helps to keep the traditions alive – the early mornings on the water, the stories, the connection to nature. If we want to continue to enjoy the outdoors, we have to protect them.

Banner image credit Sergio Diaz